Others argue that the memory wars have been resolved in the opposite direction, stating that there is now better evidence for a trauma-dissociation model and less room for a skeptical stance toward repressed ( dissociated see below) memories ( Dalenberg et al., 2012). The argument among these authors is essentially that the recovered-memory skeptics won. A number of prominent authors who were skeptical of repressed memories (e.g., Barden, 2016 McHugh, 2003 Paris, 2012) declared the memory wars to be effectively over, essentially arguing that most researchers and clinicians now understand that believing in such memories without reservation is at best questionable scientifically. This debate raged throughout the 1990s and was widely assumed to have subsided in the new millennium. More than 20 years ago, Crews (1995) coined the term “memory wars” to refer to a contentious debate regarding the existence of repressed memories, which refers to memories that become inaccessible for conscious inspection because of an active process known as repression. They have continued to endure and contribute to potentially damaging consequences in clinical, legal, and academic contexts. Finally, we review work on the adverse side effects of certain psychotherapeutic techniques, some of which may be linked to the recovery of repressed memories. We also demonstrate that the scientifically controversial concept of dissociative amnesia, which we argue is a substitute term for memory repression, has gained in popularity. We show that the belief in repressed memories occurs on a nontrivial scale (58%) and appears to have increased among clinical psychologists since the 1990s. ![]() We review converging research and data from legal cases indicating that the topic of repressed memories remains active in clinical, legal, and academic settings. ![]() We demonstrate that this assumption is incorrect and that the controversial issue of repressed memories is alive and well and may even be on the rise. These so-called memory wars originated in the 1990s, and many scholars have assumed that they are over. Can purely psychological trauma lead to a complete blockage of autobiographical memories? This long-standing question about the existence of repressed memories has been at the heart of one of the most heated debates in modern psychology.
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